Traditionally, Kubernetes has used an Ingress controller to handle the traffic that enters the cluster from the outside. When using Istio, this is no longer the case. Istio has replaced the familiar Ingress resource with new Gateway and VirtualServices resources. They work in tandem to route the traffic into the mesh. Inside the mesh there is no need for Gateways since the services can access each other by a cluster local service name.

So how does it work? How does a request reach the application it wants? It is more complicated than one would think. Here is a drawing and a quick overview.

1. A client makes a request on a specific port.
2. The Load Balancer listens on this port and forwards the request to one of the workers in the cluster (on the same or a new port).
3. Inside the cluster the request is routed to the Istio IngressGateway Service which is listening on the port the load balancer forwards to.
4. The Service forwards the request (on the same or a new port) to an Istio IngressGateway Pod (managed by a Deployment).
5. The IngressGateway Pod is configured by a Gateway (!) and a VirtualService.
6. The Gateway configures the ports, protocol, and certificates.
7. The VirtualService configures routing information to find the correct Service
8. The Istio IngressGateway Pod routes the request to the application Service.
9. And finally, the application Service routes the request to an application Pod (managed by a deployment).

The Load Balancer

The load balancer can be configured manually or automatically through the service type: LoadBalancer. In this case, since not all clouds support automatic configuration, I'm assuming that the load balancer is configured manually to forward traffic to a port that the IngressGateway Service is listening on. Manual load balancers don't communicate with the cluster to find out where the backing pods are running, and we must expose the Service with type: NodePort and they are only available on high ports, 30000-32767. Our LB is listening on the following ports.

• HTTP – Port 80, forwards traffic to port 30080.
• HTTPS – Port 443, forwards traffic to port 30443.
• MySQL – Port 3306, forwards traffic to port 30306.

Make sure your load balancer configuration forwards to all your worker nodes. This will ensure that the traffic gets forwarded even if some nodes are down.

The IngressGateway Service

The IngressGateway Service must listen to all the above ports to be able to forward the traffic to the IngressGateway pods. We use the routing to bring the port numbers back to their default numbers.

Please note that a Kubernetes Service is not a "real" service, but, since we are using type: NodePort, the request will be handled by the kube-proxy provided by Kubernetes and forwarded to a node with a running pod. Once on the node, an IP-tables configuration will forward the request to the appropriate pod.

# From the istio-ingressgateway service
  ports:
  - name: http2
    nodePort: 30000
    port: 80
    protocol: TCP
  - name: https
    nodePort: 30443
    port: 443
    protocol: TCP
  - name: mysql
    nodePort: 30306
    port: 3306
    protocol: TCP

If you inspect the service, you will see that it defines more ports than I have describe above. These ports are used for internal Istio communication.

The IngressGateway Deployment

Now we have reached the most interesting part in this flow, the IngressGateway. This is a fancy wrapper around the Envoy proxy and it is configured in the same way as the sidecars used inside the service mesh (it is actually the same container). When we create or change a Gateway or VirtualService, the changes are detected by the Istio Pilot controller which converts this information to an Envoy configuration and sends it to the relevant proxies, including the Envoy inside the IngressGateway.

Don't confuse the IngressGateway with the Gateway resource. The Gateway resource is used to configure the IngressGateway

Since container ports don't have to be declared in Kubernetes pods or deployments, we don't have to declare the ports in the IngressGateway Deployment. But, if you look inside the deployment you can see that there are a number of ports declared anyway (unnecessarily).

What we do have to care about in the IngressGateway Deployment is SSL certificates. To be able to access the certificates inside the Gateway resources, make sure that you have mounted the certificates properly.

# Example certificate volume mounts
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs
  name: ingressgateway-certs
  readOnly: true
- mountPath: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-ca-certs
  name: ingressgateway-ca-certs
  readOnly: true

# Example certificate volumes
volumes:
- name: ingressgateway-certs
  secret:
    defaultMode: 420
    optional: true
    secretName: istio-ingressgateway-certs
- name: ingressgateway-ca-certs
  secret:
    defaultMode: 420
    optional: true
    secretName: istio-ingressgateway-ca-certs

The Gateway

The Gateway resources are used to configure the ports for Envoy. Since we have exposed three ports with the service, we need these ports to be handled by Envoy. We can do this by declaring one or more Gateways. In my example, I'm going to use a single Gateway, but it may be split into two or three.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: default-gateway
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:

  - hosts:
    - '*'
    port:
      name: http
      number: 80
      protocol: HTTP

  - hosts:
    - '*'
    port:
      name: https
      number: 443
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.key
      serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt

  - hosts: # For TCP routing this fields seems to be ignored, but it is matched
    - '*'  # with the VirtualService, I use * since it will match anything.
    port:
      name: mysql
      number: 3306
      protocol: TCP

Valid ports are, HTTP|HTTPS|GRPC|HTTP2|MONGO|TCP|TLS. More info about Gateways can be found in the Istio Gateway docs

The VirtualService

Our final interesting resource is the VirtualService, it works in concert with the Gateway to configure Envoy. If you only add a Gateway nothing will show up in the Envoy configuration, and the same is true if you only add a VirtualService.

VirtualServices are really powerful and they enable the intelligent routing that is one of the very reasons we want to use Istio in the first place. However, I'm not going into it in this article since it is about the basic networking and not the fancy stuff.

Here's a basic configuration for an HTTP(s) service.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: counter
spec:
  gateways:
  - default-gateway.istio-system.svc.cluster.local
  hosts:
  - counter.lab.example.com
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
      prefix: /
    route:
    - destination:
        host: counter
        port:
          number: 80

Now, when we have added both a Gateway and a VirtualService, the routes have been created in the Envoy configuration. To see this, you can kubectl port-forward istio-ingressgateway-xxxx-yyyy 15000 and check out the configuration by browsing to http://localhost:15000/config_dump.

Note that the gateway specified as well as the host must match the information in the Gateway. If it doesn’t the entry will not show up in the configuration.

// Example of http route in Envoy config
{
  name: "counter:80",
  domains: [
    "counter.lab.example.com"
  ],
  routes: [
    {
      match: {
        prefix: "/"
      },
      route: {
        cluster: "outbound|80||counter.default.svc.cluster.local",
        timeout: "0s",
        max_grpc_timeout: "0s"
      },
      ...

Here's a basic configuration for a TCP service.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: mysql
spec:
  gateways:
  - default-gateway.istio-system.svc.cluster.local
  hosts: # The host fields seems to only be used to match the Gateway.
  - '*' # I'm using '*', the listener created is listing on 0.0.0.0
  tcp:
  - match:
      - port: 3306
    route:
    - destination:
        host: mysql.default.svc.cluster.local
        port:
          number: 3306

This will result in a completely different configuration in the Envoy config.

listener: {
  name: "0.0.0.0_3306",
  address: {
    socket_address: {
      address: "0.0.0.0",
      port_value: 3306
  }
},

Application Service and Deployment

Our request have now reached the application service and deployment. These are just normal Kubernetes resources and I will assume that if you have read this far, you already know all about it. :)

Debugging

Debugging networking issues can be difficult at times, so here are some aliases that I find useful.

# Port forward to the first istio-ingressgateway pod
alias igpf='kubectl -n istio-system port-forward $(kubectl -n istio-system
get pods -listio=ingressgateway -o=jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}") 15000'

# Get the http routes from the port-forwarded ingressgateway pod (requires jq)
alias iroutes='curl --silent http://localhost:15000/config_dump |
jq '\''.configs.routes.dynamic_route_configs[].route_config.virtual_hosts[]|
{name: .name, domains: .domains, route: .routes[].match.prefix}'\'''

# Get the logs of the first istio-ingressgateway pod
# Shows what happens with incoming requests and possible errors
alias igl='kubectl -n istio-system logs $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods
-listio=ingressgateway -o=jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}") --tail=300'

# Get the logs of the first istio-pilot pod
# Shows issues with configurations or connecting to the Envoy proxies
alias ipl='kubectl -n istio-system logs $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods
-listio=pilot -o=jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}") discovery --tail=300'

When you have started the port-forwarding to the istio-ingressgateway, with igpf, here are some more things you can do.

• To see the Envoy listeners, browse to http://localhost:15000/listeners.
• To turn on more verbose logging, browse to http://localhost:15000/logging.
• More information can be found at the root, http://localhost:15000/.

Conclusion

Networking with Kubernetes and Istio is far from trivial, hopefully this article has shed some light on how it works. Here are some key takeaways.

To Add a New Port to the IngressGateway

• Add the port to an existing Gateway or configure a new. If it's a TCP service also add the port to the VirtualService, not needed for HTTP since it matches on layer 7 (domain name, etc.).
• Add the port to the ingressgateway service. If you are using service type: LoadBalancer, you are done.
• Otherwise, open the port in the load balancer and forward traffic to all worker nodes.

To Add Certificates to an SSL Service

• Add the TLS secrets to the cluster.
• Mount the secret volumes in the ingressgateway.
• Configure the Gateway to use the newly created secrets.